Vital signs
End-tidal CO₂
For education. Check every result.
Anatium is a study resource, not medical advice. Nothing here is a diagnosis, a prescription or a substitute for a clinician who has seen the patient. Check every number against a current local protocol before it touches anyone, and never act on a result you cannot reproduce yourself.
Reference range
| Range | 35 to 45 mmHg |
About
Exhaled carbon dioxide. Confirms an airway is in the trachea, and its shape and value track ventilation and cardiac output during resuscitation.
When it is low
Hypocapnia (<35): Hyperventilation, PE, cardiac arrest (poor perfusion), circuit leak
When it is high
Hypercapnia (>45): Hypoventilation, COPD, sedation, airway obstruction, MH
How it is measured
Reflects ventilation and perfusion. Waveform shape important. Normal ~5 less than PaCO₂.
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